Catarrhini

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For an explanation of very similar terms, see Old World monkey.

Catarrhines
Temporal range: Late Eocene–Holocene
Macaca arctoides.png
Stump-tailed macaques
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
É. Geoffroy, 1812[1][2]
Superfamilies

†Micropithecus
†Oligopithecidae
†Propliopithecoidea
†Pliopithecoidea
†Dendropithecoidea
†Saadanioidea
†Parapithecoidea
Cercopithecoidea
Hominoidea (apes)

sister: Platyrrhini

Synonyms

Catarrhine monkeys
Old World anthropoids
Simiadae, W.C.L. Martin, 1841[3]
Old World monkeys (incl. apes)[4][5]

The Catarrhini or catarrhine monkeys or Old World anthropoids are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini.[6][7][8][9] The Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. With respect to the ones that stayed behind, Geoffroy in 1812 grouped the apes (hominoidea) and the Cercopithecoidea together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", or "singes de l'Ancien continent" [10][11][12][13]. Darwin in the late 19th century imagined correctly that apes were the sister to the Cercopithecoidea.[14][15] There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence,[citation needed] so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.[16][10][17][18][19][15][20][13] That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[21] The apes are further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

Description[edit]

The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platu-, "flat", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek kata-, "down", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them a dental formula of: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3,[22] indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups.[citation needed] Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal,[22] and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea. This grouping comprises the two families Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons, and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus.

Classification and evolution[edit]

According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between cercopithecoids and hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya.[23]

According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.[24]

The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys: Apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus,[25] in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys.

Cladogram[edit]

Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea.[26][27][28][29][30] Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

Crown Simians (37)
 

Platyrrhini

 
Catarrhini (35)
 

Oligopithecidae (†34 Mya)

 
Propliopithecoidea (35)
 

Taqah Propliopithecid (†31)

 
(33)
Propliopithecoidea s.s. (†31)
 

Propliopithecus (†30)

 
 

Aegyptopithecus (†30)

 
 
(33)
 

Kamoyapithecus (†25)

 
 

Pliopithecoidea (†6)

 
 
 

Micropithecus (†17)

 
Crown Catharrhini (31)
 

Hominoidea

 
(29)
 

Saadanioidea (†28)

 
Cercopithecoidea (24)
 

Victoriapithecinae (†19)

 
 

Crown Cercopithecoidea

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g. the Oligopithecidae.[31]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "ORDER PRIMATES". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–184. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812). "Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19: 85–122.
  3. ^ Martin, W.C.Linneaus (1841). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE NATURAL HISTORY MAMMIFEROUS ANIMALS, WITH A PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL HISTORY OF MAN, III THE MORE CLOSELY ALLIED GENERA OF THE ORDER QUADRUMANA, OR MONKEYS (PDF). London: Wright and Co. printers. p. 361.
  4. ^ Martin, W.C.Linneaus (1841). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE NATURAL HISTORY MAMMIFEROUS ANIMALS, WITH A PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL HISTORY OF MAN, III THE MORE CLOSELY ALLIED GENERA OF THE ORDER QUADRUMANA, OR MONKEYS (PDF). London: Wright and Co. printers. p. 340.
  5. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812). "Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19: 85–122.
  6. ^ Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra; De Aquino, Carla Cristina (2018). "Evolutionary Significance of the Entepicondylar Foramen of the Humerus in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25: 141–151. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9366-5.
  7. ^ Fulwood, Ethan L.; Boyer, Doug M.; Kay, Richard F. (2016). "Stem members of Platyrrhini are distinct from catarrhines in at least one derived cranial feature". Journal of Human Evolution. 100: 16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.001. PMID 27765146.
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  9. ^ Takai, Masanaru; Maung-Maung; Sein, Chit; Soe, Aung Naing; Thaung-Htike; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein (2017-01-01). "Chapter 9 Review of the investigation of primate fossils in Myanmar". Geological Society, London, Memoirs. 48 (1): 185–206. doi:10.1144/M48.9. ISSN 0435-4052.
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  11. ^ Martin, W.C.Linneaus (1841). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE NATURAL HISTORY MAMMIFEROUS ANIMALS, WITH A PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL HISTORY OF MAN, III THE MORE CLOSELY ALLIED GENERA OF THE ORDER QUADRUMANA, OR MONKEYS (PDF). London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 340, 361.
  12. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812). "Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19: 85–122.
  13. ^ a b Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4". Cells Tissues Organs. 87 (Suppl. 62): 32–43. doi:10.1159/000144209. ISSN 1422-6405.
  14. ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). On the Origin of Species. Broadview Press. p. 541. ISBN 9781551113371.
  15. ^ a b Archibald, J. David (2014-07-15). Aristotle's Ladder, Darwin's Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors for Biological Order. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231164122.
  16. ^ "Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab.: Die Gibbons (Hylobatidae): Eine Einführung". www.gibbons.de. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  17. ^ "The Old World Monkeys". www-personal.umich.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  18. ^ "The menisci of the knee joint in human foetuses of manipur population--a morphological study. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  19. ^ "Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  20. ^ Lacoste, Vincent; Lavergne, Anne; Ruiz-García, Manuel; Pouliquen, Jean-François; Donato, Damien; James, Samantha (2018-09-15). "DNA Polymerase Sequences of New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses: Another Molecular Marker with Which To Infer Platyrrhini Systematics". Journal of Virology. 92 (18): e00980–18. doi:10.1128/JVI.00980-18. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 6146696. PMID 29976674.
  21. ^ Martin, W.C.Linneaus (1841). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE NATURAL HISTORY MAMMIFEROUS ANIMALS, WITH A PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL HISTORY OF MAN, III THE MORE CLOSELY ALLIED GENERA OF THE ORDER QUADRUMANA, OR MONKEYS (PDF). London: Wright and Co. printers. p. 339.
  22. ^ a b "Catarrhini Infraorder". ChimpanZoo (The Jane Goodall Institute). Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  23. ^ Schrago, C. G.; Russo, C. A. (2003). "Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20 (10): 1620–1625. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg172. PMID 12832653.
  24. ^ Harrison, Terry (2013). "Catarrhine Origins". A Companion to Paleoanthropology. pp. 376–396. doi:10.1002/9781118332344.ch20. ISBN 9781118332344.
  25. ^ "Monkeys and apes".
  26. ^ Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M.; Fleagle, John G.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Heesy, Christopher P.; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Sallam, Hesham M. (2018). "New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 204–226. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522.
  27. ^ Stevens, Nancy J.; Seiffert, Erik R.; o'Connor, Patrick M.; Roberts, Eric M.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Krause, Cornelia; Gorscak, Eric; Ngasala, Sifa; Hieronymus, Tobin L.; Temu, Joseph (2013). "Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes" (PDF). Nature. 497 (7451): 611–614. Bibcode:2013Natur.497..611S. doi:10.1038/nature12161. PMID 23676680.
  28. ^ Rossie, James B.; Hill, Andrew (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897.
  29. ^ Rasmussen, D. Tab; Friscia, Anthony R.; Gutierrez, Mercedes; Kappelman, John; Miller, Ellen R.; Muteti, Samuel; Reynoso, Dawn; Rossie, James B.; Spell, Terry L.; Tabor, Neil J.; Gierlowski-Kordesch, Elizabeth; Jacobs, Bonnie F.; Kyongo, Benson; Macharwas, Mathew; Muchemi, Francis (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
  30. ^ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara; Engle, Zachary; Spoor, Fred (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200.
  31. ^ Defler, Thomas (2019). "Platyrrhine Monkeys: The Fossil Evidence". History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America. Topics in Geobiology. 42. pp. 161–184. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_8. ISBN 978-3-319-98448-3.
  • Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). "Primate Evolution" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  • Raaum, Ryan L.; Sterner, Kirstin N.; Noviello, Colleen M.; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2005). "Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (3): 237–257. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.007. PMID 15737392.
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